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Accessibility & LanguageAramcoMech 2.0
Saudi Aramco Mechanism Release
AramcoMech2.0 builds upon AramcoMech1.3 and has been developed to characterise the kinetic and thermochemical properties of a large number of C1–C4 based hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels over a wide range of experimental conditions. It was developed by the Combustion Chemistry Centreat NUI Galway and has been funded by Saudi Aramco.
AramcoMech2.0 has been developed in a hierarchical way ’from the bottom up’, starting with a H2/O2 sub-mechanism, followed by a C1 sub-mechanism and has grown to include larger carbon species such as ethane, ethylene, acetylene, allene, propyne, propene, n-butane, isobutane, isobutene, 1-butene and 2-butene, and oxygenated species including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl ether.
This mechanism has been validated against a large array of experimental measurements including data from shock tubes, rapid compression machines, flames, jet-stirred and plug-flow reactors.
Saudi aramco Mechanism v2.0
The paper listed below refers to the work from which the mechanism is derived. Please cite this paper if referring to the mechanism.
- Y. Li, C-W. Zhou, K.P. Somers, K. Zhang, H.J. Curran The Oxidation of 2-Butene: A High Pressure Ignition Delay, Kinetic Modeling Study and Reactivity Comparison with Isobutene and 1-Butene Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2017) 36(1) 403–411.
- C-W. Zhou, Y. Li, E. O'Connor, K.P. Somers, S. Thion, C. Keesee, O. Mathieu, E.L. Petersen, T. A. DeVerter, M.A. Oehlschlaeger, G. Kukkadapu, C-J. Sung, M. Alrefae, F. Khaled, A. Farooq, P. Dirrenberger, P-A. Glaude, F. Battin-Leclerc, J. Santner, Y. Ju, T. Held, F.M. Haas, F.L. Dryer, H.J. Curran,"A Comprehensive experimental and modeling study of isobutene oxidation", Combust. Flame (2016) 167 353–379.
- U. Burke, W.K. Metcalfe, S.M. Burke, K.A. Heufer, P. Dagaut, H.J. Curran, "A Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling, Ignition Delay time and Jet-Stirred Reactor Study of Methanol Oxidation”, Combust. Flame (2016) 165 125–136.
- S.M. Burke, U. Burke, O. Mathieu, I. Osorio, C. Keesee, A. Morones, E. Petersen, W. Wang, T. DeVerter, M. Oehlschlaeger, B. Rhodes, R. Hanson, D. Davidson, B. Weber, C-J. Sung, J. Santner, Y. Ju, F. Haas, F. Dryer, E. Volkov, E. Nilsson, A. Konnov, M. Alrefae, F. Khaled, A. Farooq, P. Dirrenberger, P-A. Glaude, F. Battin-Leclerc, "An experimental and modeling study of propene oxidation. Part 2: Ignition delay time and flame speed measurements", Combust. Flame (2015) 162(2) 296–314.
- S.M. Burke, W.K. Metcalfe, O. Herbinet, F. Battin-Leclerc, F.M. Haas, J. Santner, F.L. Dryer, H.J. Curran, "An experimental and modeling study of propene oxidation. Part 1: Speciation measurements in jet-stirred and flow reactors", Combust. Flame (2014) 161(11) 2765–2784.
- W.K. Metcalfe, S.M. Burke, S.S. Ahmed, H.J. Curran, "A hierarchical and comparative kinetic modeling study of C1–C2 hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels", Int. J. Chem. Kinet. (2013) 45(10) 638–675.
- A. Kéromnès, W.K. Metcalfe, K.A. Heufer, N. Donohoe, A.K. Das, C.J. Sung, J. Herzler, C. Naumann, P. Griebel, O. Mathieu, M.C. Krejci, E.L. Petersen, W.J. Pitz, H.J. Curran "An Experimental and Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modelling Study of Hydrogen and Syngas Mixtures at Elevated Pressures" Combustion and Flame (2013) 160 995–1011.
Validation
Methane (CH4)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- E. L Petersen, D. F. Davidson and R. K. Hanson
Ignition delay times of ram accelerator CH4/O2/diluent mixtures
Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol 15, No. 1, pp. 82-91 (1999)
Mixture composition: CH4/O2/diluent mixtures, phi = 0.4, 3.0, 6.0
Pressure: 35-260 atm
Temperature: 1040-1600 K
Method of detection: Ignition delay times - L.J. Spadaccini and M.B. Colket
Ignition delay characteristics of methane fuels
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci, 20, pp. 431-460 (1994)
Mixture composition: CH4/C2H6/C3H8/C4H10; phi = 0.45-1.25
Pressure: 3-15 atm
Temperature: 1300-2000 K
Method of detection: Ignition delay times - C.S. Eubank, M.J. Rabinowitz, W.C, Gardiner Jr. and R.E. Zellner
Shock-initiated ignition of natural gas-air mixtures
Seventeenth Symposium (Int.) on Combustion, pp. 1767- 1773 (1981)
Mixture composition: CH4/C2H6/C3H8/ n-C4H10/Air
Temperature: 1200-1850 K
Method of detection: Ignition delay, time resolved absorption of He-Ne laser line - C.J.Jachimowski
Kinetics of Oxygen Atom Formation During the oxidation of methane behind shock w
Comb&Flame, 23, pp. 233-248 (1974)
Mixture composition: CH4/CO/O2/Ar
Pressure: 1.2 and 1.7 atm
Temperature: 1790-2584 K
Method of detection: Emission of O + CO = CO2 + hv - A. Lifshitz, K. Scheller, A. Burcat and G.B. Skinner
Shock-tube investigation of ignition in methane-oxygen-argon mixtures
Comb&Flame, 16, pp. 331-321 (1971)
Mixture composition: CH4/O2/Ar
Pressure: 2-10 atm
Temperature: 1500-2150 K
Method of detection: Ignition delay times, pressure - D. J. Seery and C. T Bowman
An experimental and analytical study of methane oxidation behind shock waves
Combustion and Flame 14, 37-48 (1970)
Mixture composition: CH4/O2, phi = 0.2-5.0
Pressure: 1.5-4 atm
Temperature: 1350-1900 K
Method of detection: Ignition delay times, pressure, chemiluminescence of OH, CH, C and CO, absoption of OH
Speciation
Jet Stirred Reactor
- P. Dagaut, J.C. Boettner, M. Cathonnet
Methane Oxidation: Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study
Comb. Sci. Tech. 77 (1-3) (1991) 127-148 -
T. Le Cong, P. Dagaut, G. Dayma
Oxidation of Natural Gas, Natural Gas/Syngas Mixtures, and Effect of Burnt Gas Recirculation: Experimental and Detailed Kinetic Modeling
J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power 130 (2008)
Flames Speed
- Yash Kochar, Jerry Seitzman and Timothy Lieuwen, Wayne Metcalfe, Sinéad Burke and Henry Curran, Michael Krejci, William Lowry and Eric Petersen
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures with Various Diluents download
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2011, GT2011, June 6-10, 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, GT2011-45122 - W. Lowry, J. de Vries, M. Krejci, E.L. Petersen, Z. Serinyel,W.K.Metcalfe, H.J. Curran, G. Bourque
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Pure Alkanes and Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 133 (2011) 091501. - G. Rozenchan, D.L. Zhu, C.K. Law, S.D. Tse
Outward propagation, burning velocities, and chemical effects of methane flames up to 60 ATM
Proc. Combust. Inst. 29 (2002) 1461-1470. - X.J. Gu, M.Z. Haq, M. Lawes, R. Woolley
Laminar burning velocity and Markstein lengths of methane–air mixtures
Combust. Flame 121 (2000) 41-58.
Ethane (C2H6)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- J. de Vries, J.M. Hall, S.L. Simmons, M.J.A. Rickard, D.M. Kalitan and E.L. Petersen
Ethane ignition and oxidation behind reflected shock waves
Combustion and Flame 150 (2007) 137–150 - A. Burcat, K. Scheller and A. Lifshitz
Shock-tube investigation of comparative ignition delay times for C1-C5 alkanes
Combustion and Flame 16(1): 29-33 (1971) - Y. Hidaka, K. Sato, H. Hoshikawa, T. Nishimori, R. Takahashi, H. Tanaka; K. Inami and N. Ito (2000)
Shock-tube and modeling study of ethane pyrolysis and oxidation
Combustion and Flame, 2000. 120(3): p. 245-264
Speciation
Jet Stirred Reactor
- Yash Kochar, Jerry Seitzman and Timothy Lieuwen, Wayne Metcalfe, Sinéad Burke and Henry Curran, Michael Krejci, William Lowry and Eric Petersen
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures with Various Diluents download
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2011, GT2011, June 6-10, 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, GT2011-45122
Flames Speed
- P. Dagaut,M. Cathonnet, J. C. Boettner
Kinetics of Ethane Oxidation
Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 23 (5) (1991) 437-455.
Methane/Ethane (CH4/C2H6)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- C.J. Aul, W.K. Metcalfe, S.M. Burke, H.J. Curran, E.L. Petersen
Ignition and Kinetic Modeling of Methane and Ethane Fuel Blends with Oxygen: A Design of Experiments Approach
Combust. Flame (2013) 160 1153–1167. - J. Herzler and C. Naumann
Shock-tube study of the ignition of methane/ethane/hydrogen mixtures with hydrogen contents from 0% to 100% at different pressures download
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 (2009) 213–220
Speciation
Jet Stirred Reactor
- P. Dagaut and G. Dayma
Hydrogen-enriched natural gas blend oxidation under high-pressure conditions: Experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling download
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 505 – 515
Flames Speed
- Yash Kochar, Jerry Seitzman and Timothy Lieuwen, Wayne Metcalfe, Sinéad Burke and Henry Curran, Michael Krejci, William Lowry and Eric Petersen
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures with Various Diluents download
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2011, GT2011, June 6-10, 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, GT2011-45122
Propane (C3H8)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- A. Burcat, A.Lifshitz, K. Scheller and G.B.Skinner (1970)
Shock-tube investigation of ignition in propane- oxygen-argon mixtures
13th Symp (Int.) on Combustion, 745-755 - K.Kim and K.S. Shin
Shock Tube and Modeling Study of the Ignition of Propane
Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2001, Vol. 22, No. 3, 303-307
Speciation
Flames Speed
- Yash Kochar, Jerry Seitzman and Timothy Lieuwen, Wayne Metcalfe, Sinéad Burke and Henry Curran, Michael Krejci, William Lowry and Eric Petersen
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements and Modeling of Alkane Blends at Elevated Pressures with Various Diluents download
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2011, GT2011, June 6-10, 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, GT2011-45122
Ethene (C2H4)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- O.G. Penyazkov, K.L. Sevrouk, V. Tangirala and N. Joshi
High-pressure ethylene oxidation behind reflected shock waves download
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 (2009) 2421–2428 - Horning D.C.
A study of the high-temperature autoignition and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. download [PhD Thesis].
California: Stanford University, 2001. 87-89 - S. Saxena,M.S.P. Kahandawala, S.S. Sidhu
A shock tube study of ignition delay in the combustion of ethylene download
Combust. Flame 158 (6) (2011) 1019-1031. - Fiona Rita Gillespie
An Experimental and modeling studfy of the combustion of oxygenated hydrocarbons. download [PhD Thesis].
Galway: National University of Ireland, Galway, 2014, page 174 - M.M. Kopp, N.S. Donato, E.L. Petersen, W.K. Metcalfe, S.M. Burke, H.J. Curran
Ignition and Oxidation of Ethylene-Air Mixtures at Elevated Pressures, Part 1: Experimental Results download
Journal of Propulsion and Power (2014) 30(3) 790–798.
Speciation
Flames Speed
- Author: Egolfopoulos, F.N., Zhu, D.L., and Law, C.K.
Title: Experimental and numerical determination of laminar flame speeds: Mixtures of C2-hydrocarbons with oxygen and nitrogen
Journal: Proc. Combust. Inst. 1990, 23, 471 - Author: Hassan, M. I., Aung, K. T., Kwon, K. C., and Faeth, G. M.
Title: Properties of Laminar Premixed Hydrocarbon/Air Flames at Various Pressures
Journal: J. Propul. Power 1994, 14, 479 - Author: Jomaas, G., Zheng, X. L., Zhu, D. L., and Law, C. K.
Title: Experimental determination of counterflow ignition temperatures and laminar flame speeds of C2–C3 hydrocarbons at atmospheric and elevated pressures
Journal: Proc. Combust. Inst. 2005, 30, 193
Jet Stirred Reactor
- P. Dagaut, J.C. Boettner, M. Cathonnet
Ethylene Pyrolysis and Oxidation: A Kinetic Modeling Study download
Comb. Sci. Tech. 77 (1-3) (1991) 127-148
Ethyne (C2H2)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- B. Eiteneer andM. Frenklach
Experimental and Modeling Study of Shock-Tube Oxidation of Acetylene download
Int J Chem Kinet 35: 391–414 (2003)
Mixture composition: acetylene/O2/Ar phi = 0.0625-1.66
Pressure:0.9-1.9 atm
Temperature:1150-2132 K
Method of detection: laser absorption of CO - Y.Hidaka,K.Hattori,T. Okuno, K.Inami, T. Abe andT. Koike
Shock-Tube and Modeling Study of Acetylene Pyrolysis and Oxidation download
Combustion and Flame 107:401-417 (1996)
Mixture composition: C2H2/O2/H2/Ar
Pressure:1.1-2.6 atm
Temperature:1100-2000 K
Method of detection: ignition delay, real time spectroscopy
Speciation
Flames Speed
- Jomaas, G., Zheng, X. L., Zhu, D. L., and Law, C. K.
Experimental determination of counterflow ignition temperatures and laminar flame speeds of C2–C3 hydrocarbons at atmospheric and elevated pressures. download
Proc. Combust. Inst. 2005, 30, 193.
Flow Reactor
- M.U. Alzueta, M. Borruey, A. Callejas, A. Millera and R. Bilbao
An experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of acetylene in a flow reactor download
Combustion and Flame 152 (2008) 377–386
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- K.A. Heufer and H. Olivier
Determination of ignition delay times of different hydrocarbons in a new high pressure shock tube download
Shock Waves, 2010. 20(4): p. 307-316. - K. E. Noorani, B. Akih-Kumgeh and J. M. Bergthorson
Comparative High Temperature Shock Tube Ignition of C1-C4 Primary Alcohols download - Fiona Rita Gillespie
An Experimental and modeling studfy of the combustion of oxygenated hydrocarbons download [PhD Thesis]
Galway: National University of Ireland, Galway, 2014, 89-92
Speciation
Jet Stirred Reactor
- N. Leplat, P. Dagaut, C. Togbé, J. Vandooren
Numerical and experimental study of ethanol combustion and oxidation in laminar premixed flames and in jet-stirred reactor download
Combustion and Flame 158 (2011) 705–725
Flames Speed
- Author: Peter S. Veloo, Yang L. Wang, Fokion N. Egolfopoulos, Charles K. Westbrook
A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames download
Journal: Combustion and Flame 157 (2010) 1989–2004
Flow Reactor
- Li, J.; Kazakov, A.; Chaos, M.; Dryer, F. L.
Chemical Kinetics of Ethanol Oxidation download
5th US Combustion Meeting University of California at San Diego 2007; pp 1. - T. S. Norton, F. L. Dryer
An experimental and modeling study of ethanol oxidation kinetics in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor download
International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, Volume 24, Issue 4, April 1992, Pages 319–344
Propene (C3H6)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- Z. Qin, H. Yang and W. C. Gardiner, JR.
Measurement and Modeling of Shock-Tube Ignition Delay for Propene download
Combustion and Flame 124:246–254 (2001) - S.M. Burke, U. Burke, R. Mc Donagh, O. Mathieu, I. Osorio, C. Keesee, A. Morones, E.L. Petersen, W. Wang, T.A. DeVerter, M.A. Oehlschlaeger, B. Rhodes, R.K. Hanson, D. Davidson, B.W. Weber, C-J. Sung, J. Santner, Y. Ju, F.M. Haas, F.L. Dryer, E.N. Volkov, E.J.K. Nilsson, A.A. Konnov, M. Alrefae, F. Khaled, A. Farooq, P. Dirrenberger, P-A. Glaude, F. Battin-Leclerc, H.J. Curran
An Experimental and Modeling Study of Propene Oxidation. Part 2: Ignition Delay Time and Flame Speed Measurements
Combustion and Flame (2015) 162(2) 296–314
Speciation
Jet Stirred Reactor
- P. Dagaut, M. Cathonnet, J.C. Boettner
Experimental study and kinetic modeling of propene oxidation in a jet stirred flow reactor download
J. Phys. Chem., 92 (1988), pp. 661–671 - T. Le Cong, E. Bedjanian, P. Dagaut
Oxidation of Ethylene and Propene in the Presence of CO2 and H2O: Experimental and Detailed Kinetic Modeling Study download
Combust. Sci. Technol., 182 (2010), pp. 333–349
Flow Reactor
- S.M. Burke, W.K. Metcalfe, O. Herbinet, F. Battin-Leclerc, F.M. Haas, J. Santner, F.L. Dryer, H.J. Curran
An Experimental and Modeling Study of Propene Oxidation. Part 1: Speciation Measurements in Jet-Stirred and Flow Reactors download
Combustion and Flame (2014) 161(11) 2765–2784.
Flames Speed
- S.M. Burke, U. Burke, R. Mc Donagh, O. Mathieu, I. Osorio, C. Keesee, A. Morones, E.L. Petersen, W. Wang, T.A. DeVerter, M.A. Oehlschlaeger, B. Rhodes, R.K. Hanson, D. Davidson, B.W. Weber, C-J. Sung, J. Santner, Y. Ju, F.M. Haas, F.L. Dryer, E.N. Volkov, E.J.K. Nilsson, A.A. Konnov, M. Alrefae, F. Khaled, A. Farooq, P. Dirrenberger, P-A. Glaude, F. Battin-Leclerc, H.J. Curran
An experimental and modeling study of propene oxidation. Part 2: Ignition delay time and flame speed measurements download
Combustion and Flame (2015) 162(2) 296–314.
Formaldehyde (CH2O)
Speciation
Flow Reactor
- S. Hochgreb, R.A. Yetter and F.L. Dryer
The oxidation of CH2O in the intermediate temperature range (943-995 K) download
Symposium (International) on Combustion 1991, 23 (1), 171-177
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- K. Yasunaga, S. Kubo, H. Hoshikawa, T. Kamesawa and Hidaka, Y.
Shock-tube and modeling study of acetaldehyde pyrolysis and oxidation download
Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2008, 40 (2), 73-102
Speciation
Flow Reactor
- D.C.Z. Zarubiak M.S.E Thesis Princeton University, Princeton, 1997 download
Acetone (CH3COCH3)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- S. Pichon, G. Black, N. Chaumeix, M. Yahyaoui, J.M. Simmie, H.J. Curran and R. Donohue
The combustion chemistry of a fuel tracer: Measured flame speeds and ignition delays and a detailed chemical kinetic model for the oxidation of acetone download
Combustion and Flame 156 (2009) 494–504
Speciation
Flow Reactor
- M.U. Alzueta, Z. Serinyel, J. M. Simmie and H. J. Curran
Oxidation of Acetone and Its Interaction with Nitric Oxide download
Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 1511–1520
Methanol (CH3OH)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- C.T. Bowman
A shock-tube investigation of the high-temperature oxidation of methanol. download
Combustion and Flame, 1975. 25: p. 343-354. - K. Fieweger, R. Blumenthal, G. Adomeit,
Self-Ignition of S.I. Engine Model Fuels: A Shock Tube Investigation at High Pressure download
Combust. Flame 109 (1997) 599-619. - Noorani, K.E., B. Akih-Kumgeh, and J.M. Bergthorson
Comparative High Temperature Shock Tube Ignition of C1-C4 Primary Alcohols. download
Energy & Fuels, 2010. 24(11): p. 5834-5843. - U. Burke, W.K. Metcalfe, S.M. Burke, K. A. Heufer, P. Dagaut, H.J. Curran
A detailed chemical kinetic modeling, ignition delay time and jet-stirred reactor study of methanol oxidation download
Combustion and Flame (2016) 165 125–136.
Speciation
Flow Reactor
- T.J. Held and F.L. Dryer
A Comprehensive Mechanism for Methanol Oxidation download
Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 30: 805–830, 1998
Flames Speed
- Peter S. Veloo, Yang L. Wang, Fokion N. Egolfopoulos, Charles K. Westbrook
A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames download
Combustion and Flame 157 (2010) 1989–2004
Dimethylether (CH3OCH3)DME/CH4 (CH3OCH3/CH4)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- R.D. Cook, D.F. Davidson and R.K. Hanson
High-Temperature Shock Tube Measurements of Dimethyl Ether Decomposition and the Reaction of Dimethyl Ether with OH download
J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 9974–9980 - R.D. Cook, D.F. Davidson, R.K. Hanson
Shock tube measurements of ignition delay times and OH time-histories in dimethyl ether oxidation download
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 (2009) 189–196 - Fiona Rita Gillespie
An Experimental and modeling studfy of the combustion of oxygenated hydrocarbons. download [PhD Thesis]
Galway: National University of Ireland, Galway, 2014, 89-92 - U. Burke, K.P. Somers, P. O’Toole, C.M. Zinner, N. Marquet, G. Bourque, E.L. Petersen, W.K. Metcalfe, Z. Serinyel, H.J. Curran
An ignition delay and kinetic modeling study of methane, dimethyl ether, and their mixtures at high pressures download
Combustion and Flame (2015) 162(2) 315–330.
Speciation
Flow Reactor
- H. J. Curran, S. L. Fischer, F. L. Dryer<
The reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether. II: Low-temperature oxidation in flow reactors download
International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 32, (2000) Pages 741–759
Flames Speed
- J. de Vries, W. B. Lowry, Z. Serinyel, H. J. Curran, E. L. Petersen
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements of Dimethyl Ether in Air at Pressures up to 10 atm download
Fuel (2011) 90(1) 331–338
DME/CH4 (CH3OCH3/CH4)
Ignition delay
Shock Tube
- U. Burke, K.P. Somers, P. O’Toole, C.M. Zinner, N. Marquet, G. Bourque, E.L. Petersen, W.K. Metcalfe, Z. Serinyel, H.J. Curran
An ignition delay and kinetic modeling study of methane, dimethyl ether, and their mixtures at high pressures download
Combustion and Flame (2015) 162(2) 315–330.
Speciation
Flames Speed
- W. B. Lowry, Z. Serinyel, M. C. Krejci, H. J. Curran, G. Bourque and E. L. Petersen
Effect of Methane–Dimethyl Ether Fuel Blends on Flame Stability, Laminar Flame Speed, and Markstein Length download
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute (2011) 33 929–937
