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Political Science & Sociology

Dr Michael Hynes

B.Sc., MIT, Ph.D.

 
researcher
 

Biography

Dr Mike Hynes is an Environmental Sociology Lecturer in the School of Political Science & Sociology at the University of Galway (formerly NUI Galway), with long-standing teaching and research interests in society-environment interactions, sustainability issues related to transport, urban design and liveability, technology design, adoption and diffusion, and transitions to a more sustainable and socially just future. The connection between urban form and transportation systems is of crucial importance to creating well-designed and liveable cities and towns while improving the health of individuals and building community resilience are all crucial concerns for society in the face of the every developing climate emergency. There is also a growing need for a much more sociological critical examination of the organisational, social, political, cultural and environmental context of digital Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) in the 21st century. Mike's teaching and research interests continue to focus on the areas of environmental and sustainability concerns, in addition to ICT and the societal changes stimulated by open social media platforms and policy design in relation to work and environmental decision-making locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. Mike lectures on the BA and MA programmes in Political Science & Sociology, and several other programmes across the College and University.  He is the Programme Director of the B.Sc. (Social Sciences) programme, the Convenor of the Governance & Sustainable Development Research Cluster, and secretary of the Social Science Research Centre (SSRC) at the University of Galway.

Research Interests

Mike continues to concentrate his research interests on sustainability issues related to transport, urban liveability, and technology adoption and diffusion, which reflects his teaching experiences and his intellectual curiosity regarding environmental concerns and diverse forms of technology use in everyday settings. He has successfully applied his understanding and awareness to topics of sustainable transport, mobilities and the `consumption of distance¿ in his previous research. Ongoing research interests continue to centre on aspects of mobilities and quality of life issues, the positive and negative societal changes brought about by digital technologies, policy design in relation to work and environmental decision-making, and issues relating to the built environment.

Peer Reviewed Journals

  Year Publication
(2023) 'A Changed Relationship? COVID-19 and its Effects on the Client-Social Worker Relationship in Adult Mental Health Services during Lockdown'
Gallagher, J. and Hynes, M. (2023) 'A Changed Relationship? COVID-19 and its Effects on the Client-Social Worker Relationship in Adult Mental Health Services during Lockdown'. The Irish Social Worker Journal, Winter 2023 :108-120 [Details]
(2022) 'Public perceptions on elective surgical funding'
Knightly, N., Hurley C., Forde M., Rabbitt L., Malesevic, V., Hynes M., Kelly, J. K. (2022) 'Public perceptions on elective surgical funding'. An International Open Access Journal of Surgical Reconstruction (JPRAS Open), 33 (September):26-31 [DOI] [Details]
(2022) 'Virtual consumption: A review of digitalization's 'green' credentials'
Hynes, Mike (2022) 'Virtual consumption: A review of digitalization's 'green' credentials'. Frontiers in Sustainability, 3 [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2022) 'Walk a Mile in My Shoes! An Autoethnographical Perspective of Urban Walkability in Galway'
Hynes, Mike (2022) 'Walk a Mile in My Shoes! An Autoethnographical Perspective of Urban Walkability in Galway'. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, :1-26 [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2017) 'Public and Stakeholder Engagement and the Built Environment: a Review'
Leyden, K.M., Slevin, A., Grey, T., Hynes, M., Frisbaek, F. and Silke, R. (2017) 'Public and Stakeholder Engagement and the Built Environment: a Review'. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4 (3):267-277 [DOI] [Details]
(2018) '“Howya gettin’ on?” Investigating Public Transport Satisfaction Levels in Galway, Ireland'
Hynes, Mike, Bolbocean, Olga, McNally, Michael, Conroy, Mike, Bednarczuk, Daniel, Hyland, Fiona, Coyne Emer and Marie, Cat (2018) '“Howya gettin’ on?” Investigating Public Transport Satisfaction Levels in Galway, Ireland'. Urban Science, 2 (4) [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2018) 'Heading in the Right Direction? Investigating Walkability in Galway City, Ireland'
Hynes, Mike and Seoighthe, E. (2018) 'Heading in the Right Direction? Investigating Walkability in Galway City, Ireland'. Urban Science, 2 (2) [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2018) 'Shining a brighter light into the digital ‘black box’: A call for stronger sociological (re)engagement with digital technology design, development and adoption debates'
Hynes, Mike (2018) 'Shining a brighter light into the digital ‘black box’: A call for stronger sociological (re)engagement with digital technology design, development and adoption debates'. Irish Journal Of Sociology, 26 (1):94-126 [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2017) 'Students-as-producers: Developing valuable student-centered research and learning opportunities'
Hynes, Mike (2017) 'Students-as-producers: Developing valuable student-centered research and learning opportunities'. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 7 (4):1-13 [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2017) 'At a Crossroads: Investigating Automobility and Its Implications for Local Urban Transport Policy Design'
Hynes, Mike (2017) 'At a Crossroads: Investigating Automobility and Its Implications for Local Urban Transport Policy Design'. Urban Science, 1 (2) [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2016) 'Developing (Tele)work? A multi-level sociotechnical perspective of telework in Ireland'
Hynes, Mike (2016) 'Developing (Tele)work? A multi-level sociotechnical perspective of telework in Ireland'. Research in Transportation Economics, 57 (September 2016):21-31 [DOI] [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2016) 'Transport policy and governance in turbulent times: Evidence from Ireland'
Rau, Henrike, Hynes, Mike,Heisserer, Barbara (2016) 'Transport policy and governance in turbulent times: Evidence from Ireland'. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 4 (2):45-56 [DOI] [Details]
(2014) 'Telework Isn't Working: A Policy Review'
Hynes, M. (2014) 'Telework Isn't Working: A Policy Review'. Economic And Social Review, 45 (4):579-602 [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2013) 'The Practices of Technology: Putting society and technology in their place'
Hynes, M. (2013) 'The Practices of Technology: Putting society and technology in their place'. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 8 (3):37-55 [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2010) 'Leveraging New Opportunities from the Use of Web Widgets in Online Web 2.0 Environments'
Hynes, M. (2010) 'Leveraging New Opportunities from the Use of Web Widgets in Online Web 2.0 Environments'. Journal of Internet Business, 8 :109-141 [ARAN Link] [Details]

Books

  Year Publication
(2021) The Social, Cultural and Environmental Costs of Hyper-Connectivity: Sleeping Through the Revolution.
Hynes, Mike (2021) The Social, Cultural and Environmental Costs of Hyper-Connectivity: Sleeping Through the Revolution. London: Emerald Publishing Limited. [ARAN Link] [Details]

Book Chapters

  Year Publication
(2018) 'Remotely connected? A comparative analysis of the development of rural broadband infrastructure and initiatives'
Wayne Kelly and Michael Hynes (2018) 'Remotely connected? A comparative analysis of the development of rural broadband infrastructure and initiatives' In: Service Provision and Rural Sustainability: Infrasture and Innovation. :142-161 London and New York: Routledge. [Details]
(2014) 'Consuming Distance or (all) Consuming Work? The case of telework'
Hynes, Mike (2014) 'Consuming Distance or (all) Consuming Work? The case of telework' In: Challenging Consumption: pathways to a more sustainable future. :81-98 London: Routledge. [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2013) 'What’s ‘Smart’ About Working from Home? Telework and the sustainable consumption of distance in Ireland'
Hynes, Mike (2013) 'What’s ‘Smart’ About Working from Home? Telework and the sustainable consumption of distance in Ireland' In: Internet Research, Theory, and Practice: Perspectives from Ireland. :225-243 Dublin: Research-Publishing. [ARAN Link] [Details]

Conference Publications

  Year Publication
(2020) International Scientific & Practical Conference “City as a Classroom”
Hynes, Mike (2020) Exploring and investigating the concept of the city as a classroom International Scientific & Practical Conference “City as a Classroom” , 24-AUG-20 - 28-AUG-20 [DOI] [Details]
(2015) The 6th Irish Transport Research Network Conference - Green Shoots vs. Green Transport: Are sustainable transport and economic recovery compatible?
Hynes, Mike (2015) Teleworking in Ireland: a multilevel socio-technical transition perspective The 6th Irish Transport Research Network Conference - Green Shoots vs. Green Transport: Are sustainable transport and economic recovery compatible? NUI Galway, , 27-AUG-15 - 28-AUG-15 [Details]
(2014) XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology
Hynes, Mike and Rau, Henrike (2014) Environmental Gains and Social Losses? Critical reflections on the sustainability potential of telework XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology Yokohama, Japan, , 13-JUL-14 - 19-JUL-14 [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2012) 8th International Conference on Technology, Knowledge & Society (virtual participant)
Hynes, Mike (2012) The Practices of Technology . In: Common Ground Publishing eds. 8th International Conference on Technology, Knowledge & Society (virtual participant) University of California, Los Angeles, USA, , 16-JAN-12 - 18-JAN-12 [Details]

Published Reports

  Year Publication
(2017) Effects of Revised Oral Irish Examination at Leaving Certificate Level: Research Update - Tentative Results.
Máirtín Ó Curraoin, Nioclás Mac Fhlanncha, Aodh Ó Máirtín, Seán Ó Scanláin, Michael Hynes, Rose Ní Dhubhda (2017) Effects of Revised Oral Irish Examination at Leaving Certificate Level: Research Update - Tentative Results. Department of Education, Gaillimh. [Details]
(2015) ConsEnSus: Consumption, Environment and Sustainability.
Davies, A.D., Fahy, F., Rau, H., Devaney, L., Doyle, R., Heisser, B., Hynes, M., Lavelle, M.J. and Pape, J. (2015) ConsEnSus: Consumption, Environment and Sustainability. EPA Ireland, Co. Wexford. [ARAN Link] [Details]
(2012) Consensus Lifestyle Survey: Report on public attitudes and behaviours towards sustainable consumption and sustainable lifestyles in Ireland: (3) Transport.
Lavelle, M. J., Rau, H., Fahy, F., Heisserer, B. & Hynes, M (2012) Consensus Lifestyle Survey: Report on public attitudes and behaviours towards sustainable consumption and sustainable lifestyles in Ireland: (3) Transport. EPA Ireland, Co. Wexford. [Details]

Other Journals

  Year Publication
(2024) 'The Crowd4Access University of Galway footpath mapping initiative Improving accessibility through collaborating in Citizen Science'
McHugh, D., Keeley, R., Hynes, M., Tansey, L. and Smith, B. (2024) 'The Crowd4Access University of Galway footpath mapping initiative Improving accessibility through collaborating in Citizen Science' The AHEAD Journal: A Review of Inclusive Education & Employment Practices, (17) . [Details]

Conference Contributions

  Year Publication
(2021) Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Annual Conference 2021 | Atomised Solidarities,
Hynes, Mike and Varley, Tony (2021) Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Annual Conference 2021. [Oral Presentation], Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Annual Conference 2021 | Atomised Solidarities, Online via Zoom , 07-MAY-21 - 08-MAY-21. [Details]
(2020) Remote Working | GET Mobile Mini-Conference,
Hynes, Mike (2020) Understanding the social and environmental impacts of remote and teleworking in Ireland. [Invited Oral Presentation], Remote Working | GET Mobile Mini-Conference, DCU Business School , 03-MAR-20 - 03-MAR-20. [Details]
(2019) Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Annual Conference 2019 | Connecting Sociologies,
Hynes, Mike and Varley, Tony (2019) Casual Market Traders, Power and Negotiating Control in a local Market. [Oral Presentation], Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Annual Conference 2019 | Connecting Sociologies, National University of Ireland Galway , 10-MAY-19 - 11-MAY-19. [Details]
(2019) Whitaker Institute Research Day,
Hynes, Mike and Varley, Tony (2019) Research Day for Whitaker Institute Clusters. [Poster Presentation], Whitaker Institute Research Day, Whitaker Institute, NUI Galway , 11-APR-19 - 11-APR-19. [Details]
(2018) Urban Transitions 2018: Integrating urban and transport planning, environment and health for healthier urban living,
Hynes, Mike (2018) Urban Walkability. [Poster Presentation], Urban Transitions 2018: Integrating urban and transport planning, environment and health for healthier urban living, Sitges, Barcelona Spain , 25-NOV-18 - 27-NOV-18. [Details]
(2017) Institute for Lifecourse and Society Research Day,
Seoighthe, E. and Hynes, M. (2017) An important platform for collaboration and developing cross-unit research activity and an essential step in building more meaningful links across reserch work. [Oral Presentation], Institute for Lifecourse and Society Research Day, ILAS Centre, NUI Galway , 01-DEC-17 - 01-DEC-17. [Details]
(2017) BEHAVE: Climate Change and Behavioural Change,
Hynes, Mike (2017) Panel Discussion on Climate Change and Behavioural Change with regards to Ireland's commitments to Climate Action. [Invited Oral Presentation], BEHAVE: Climate Change and Behavioural Change, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 2 , 17-NOV-17 - 17-NOV-17. [Details]
(2017) 2017 ICBTS International Multidiscipline Research Conference,
Hynes, Mike (2017) Students as Producers: learning by “rolling up your selves and just doing it!”. [Oral Presentation], 2017 ICBTS International Multidiscipline Research Conference, Amsterdam , Netherlands , 07-JUN-17 - 09-JUN-17. [Details]
(2017) The Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) 44th Annual Conference,
Hynes, Mike (2017) Illuminating the ‘Blackbox’: A call for more robust sociological (re)engagement with technology design, development and adoption processes. [Oral Presentation], The Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) 44th Annual Conference, Ulster University, Belfast Campus , 05-MAY-17 - 06-MAY-17. [Details]
(2016) The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS),
Shaharan S., Rolle C., Egan A., Rabbitt L., Chan J., Joyce K., Hynes M., Malesevic V., Kelly J. (2016) Public Perception on Funding and Litigation in Facelift Surgery. [Poster Presentation], The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), London, UK , 06-OCT-16 - 07-OCT-16. [Details]
(2016) The Social Sciences Research Conference 2016: Galway: Today and Tomorrow,
Hynes, Mike, Coyne, Emer, Gjecaj, Eliona and Seoighthe, Eibhlín (2016) A conference to discuss Galway's present and future potential. [Invited Oral Presentation], The Social Sciences Research Conference 2016: Galway: Today and Tomorrow, ILAS at the NUI Galway , 20-OCT-16 - 20-OCT-16. [Details]
(2016) The Social Sciences Research Conference 2016: Galway: Today and Tomorrow,
Hynes, Mike (2016) A conference to discuss Galway's present and future potential. [Conference Organising Committee Member], The Social Sciences Research Conference 2016: Galway: Today and Tomorrow, ILAS at the NUI Galway , 20-OCT-16 - 20-OCT-16. [Details]
(2016) IAPS: 2016 Meeting Trauma Symposium,
Malesevic V., Hynes M., Shaharan S., Rolle C., Egan A., Rabbitt L., Joyce K., Kelly J. (2016) The summer meeting of the Irish Association of Plastic Surgeons [Oral Presentation]. [Oral Presentation], IAPS: 2016 Meeting Trauma Symposium, Killashee House Hotel, Co Kildare , 12-MAY-16 - 13-MAY-16. [Details]
(2014) Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Postgraduate Conference 2014,
Hynes, M. (2014) Administrative & Technical Support. [Conference Organising Committee Chairperson], Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Postgraduate Conference 2014, National University of Ireland Galway , 07-MAR-14 - 08-MAR-14. [Details]
(2012) The ConsEnSus International Conference on Sustainable Consumption: Pathways to a More Sustainable Future,
Hynes, M. (2012) Organising Committe and Technical Support. [Conference Organising Committee Chairperson], The ConsEnSus International Conference on Sustainable Consumption: Pathways to a More Sustainable Future, NationalUniversity of Ireland Galway , 18-MAY-12 - 20-MAY-12. [Details]
(2012) The Consensus Conference: Pathways to a More Sustainable Future,
Hynes, M. (2012) Telework as a Sustainable Mobility Option. [Poster Presentation], The Consensus Conference: Pathways to a More Sustainable Future, National University of Ireland Galway , 18-MAY-12 - 20-MAY-12. [Details]
(2011) 38th Annual Conference of the Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI),
Hynes, M. (2011) Practicing Technology: No silver bullet!. [Oral Presentation], 38th Annual Conference of the Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI), University College Cork , 05-MAY-11 - 06-MAY-11. [Details]
(2011) Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Postgraduate Conference 2011,
Hynes, M. (2011) Teleworking: what are the practices involved in location independent working?. [Oral Presentation], Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) Postgraduate Conference 2011, National University of Ireland Galway , 04-FEB-11 - 05-FEB-11. [Details]
(2010) 2nd Annual Social Marketing Conference,
Hynes, M. and Heisserer, B. (2010) Changing Travel Behaviour: The ConsEnSus Project, WP3. [Invited Oral Presentation], 2nd Annual Social Marketing Conference, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics and Áras Moyola, National University of Ireland Galway , 04-JUN-10 - 04-JUN-10. [Details]

Book Review

  Year Publication
(2016) C.A. Bowers (2014) The False Promise of the Digital Revolution: How computers transform education, work, and international development in ways that are ecologically unsustainable. Peter Lang: New York, NY, USA. 119 pp. ISBN 978-1-4331-2612-3 (paperback). €30.30.
Hynes, Mike (2016) C.A. Bowers (2014) The False Promise of the Digital Revolution: How computers transform education, work, and international development in ways that are ecologically unsustainable. Peter Lang: New York, NY, USA. 119 pp. ISBN 978-1-4331-2612-3 (paperback). €30.30. Manchester: SAGE Book Review [DOI] [Details]

Conference Poster

  Year Publication
(2016) Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Litigation against Healthcare Provider.
Shaharan S., Rolle C., Egan A., Rabbitt L., Chan J., Joyce K., Hynes M., Malesevic V., Kelly J. (2016) Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Litigation against Healthcare Provider. London: The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) Conference Poster [Details]

Policy Contribution

  Year Publication
(2020) The Utility of Public Transport in Ireland: Post COVID-19 Lockdown and Beyond.
Hynes, Mike and Malone, Patrick (2020) The Utility of Public Transport in Ireland: Post COVID-19 Lockdown and Beyond. University College Dublin, Ireland: UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy Policy Contribution [ARAN Link] [Details]

Thesis

  Year Publication
(2013) Mobility Matters: Technology, telework and the (un)sustainable consumption of distance.
Hynes, Michael (2013) Mobility Matters: Technology, telework and the (un)sustainable consumption of distance. Galway, Ireland: National University of Ireland Galway Thesis [Details]

Video recording / TV

  Year Publication
(2021) Who is being left behind by the headlong rush into a digital age?.
Mike Hynes (2021) Who is being left behind by the headlong rush into a digital age?. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Video recording / TV [Details]

Honours and Awards

  Year Title Awarding Body
2010 Early Career Research Award Finalist The Global Forum, Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (IRCSET), Dublin, Ireland
2009 Doctoral Scholarship STRIVE) Programme 2007–2013 administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ireland on behalf of the Irish Government

Professional Associations

  Association Function From / To
Sociology Association of Ireland Full Member 01-APR-15 / 01-APR-17
Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Social Change (NUI Galway) Member 01-APR-15 / 01-APR-17
SCORAI (Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Network) Member 01-APR-15 / 01-APR-17

Committees

  Committee Function From / To
Social Sciences Research Centre (SSRC) Secretary 01-APR-15 / 31-DEC-20
Teaching and Learning Committee Committee Member 01-APR-15 / 31-DEC-20
Development and Governance Research Cluster Member 01-APR-15 / 31-DEC-20
Institutional Review of Research Performance (IRRP) Committee Committee Member 01-APR-15 / 31-DEC-20

Employment

  Employer Position From / To
Galway & District Football League, Terryland, Galway Office & Leagues Manager 02-JUN-08 / 01-JUN-09
School of Political Science & Sociology, NUI Galway Seminar Tutor - BA in Political Science & Sociology 01-OCT-12 / 31-MAR-15
An Post Postman, Post Office Clerk, and Operations Clerk 03-NOV-86 / 27-SEP-02
Technology Transfer Office, NUI Galway Research Associate/Office Manager 02-JUN-08 / 24-DEC-08
School of Political Science & Sociology, NUI Galway Lab Instructor - SP220 Methods for Social Science 01-SEP-09 / 31-AUG-10
An Post Athlone Mails Centre, Athlone, Co Westmeath Process Area Manager 01-OCT-02 / 31-AUG-07
Information Solutions & Services Department (ISS), NUI Galway Computer Assistant/Support Technician 01-SEP-10 / 01-OCT-14

Education

  Year Institution Qualification Subject
2007 Irish Institute of Training and Development ADVANCED CERTIFICATE (LEVEL 6) Training and Group Development
2002 Galway and Mayo Institute of Technology HIGHER CERTIFICATE (LEVEL 6) Advanced Business Computers

Community Engagement

  Title Type From / To
Teaching (e.g. Service learning / comunity based learning) Teacher/Tutor for Age Action Ireland 01-OCT-13 / 30-MAY-14

Teaching Interests

Environmental Sociology
Mobilities & Sustainable Transportation
Climate Change
Environmental Movements
Digital Citizenship
Society-Technology-Environment-Interactions
Irish & European Politics




Recent Postgraduate Students

  Graduation Name Degree Primary Supervisor
2016 Theresa Doherty MASTERS DEGREE (LEVEL 9) Y

Modules Taught

  Term/Year Module Title Module Code Subject / Desc
2018-2019 Mobilities SP3106 Mobilities & Sustainable Transportation
2018-2019 Practising Sociology and Politics SP160/SP1100 Political Science & Sociology
2017-2018 Sociology of the Environment SP420 Environmental Sociology
2015-2016 Sociology of the Environment SP159 Environmental Sociology
2017-2018 Fundamentals of Engineering: Sustainability, A Systems Perspective EI140 Carbon Footprinting
2018-2019 Research Methods for Social and Political Science SP220 Researching Sociology & Political Science
2018-2019 "Studying Soc & Pol" SP158/SP159/SP160 An Introduction to Studing Sociology & Political Science at NUI Galway

External Collaborators

  Name Organisation / Institute Country Description of Collaboration
Prof. Jack Kelly University College Hospital Galway IRELAND
Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Attitudes towards Surgery. For this project I provided support for data inspection, correlation, and the analysis of results. This research seeks a better understanding of socio-economic factors that influence people’s attitudes and understanding of surgery, in particular plastic surgery. The project is undertaken with my colleague Dr Vesa Malesevic and Dr Jack Kelly, Consultant Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeon at Galway Clinic and Galway University Hospital. The research is currently on-going.
Máirtín Ó Curraoin Department of Education IRELAND
Effects of Revised Oral Irish Examination at Leaving Certificate Level (Éifeachtaí na Béaltrialach Leasaithe sa Ghaeilge ag Leibhéal na hArdteistiméireachta) The National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) commissioned a research study into the revised Leaving Certificate Oral Irish Examination and its impact on candidate performance. While revisions have been introduced across all levels of the examination – Higher, Ordinary, and Foundation, the researchers’ focus was to investigate the impact of these revisions at Higher and Ordinary levels only. This research study comprised of two parts: the impact of the revisions on candidate performance in the oral examination, and the impact of the revisions on candidate performance in the written examination. The final report outlined the tentative results of the impact of the revisions on candidate performance in the oral element of the examination only.