NBL News

19/11/2024, Postdoc vacancy.

Vacancies updated: 18/11/2024, Postdoc position available.

Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates for a full time Postdoctoral Researcher position with the Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory at the University of Galway.
The position is funded by Taighde Éireann – Research Ireland, formerly Science Foundation Ireland, as part of the Downstream Protein Analysis - Polarized Emission Spectroscopy (DPA-PES) project award to Prof. Alan Ryder. The post is available from 1st February 2025 or as soon as possible thereafter, for a period of three years.  Full details of the position are given on the vacancies page. 

10/09/2024, Latest toy in the lab.

Thanks to the folks at Anton Paar Ireland for letting us have one of their Rheometers to play with for a couple of weeks. 
We now have a SmartPave92 which we are using for studying some interesting biopharmaceutical materials. 
We're looking at expanding our physical characterisation tools to complement our spectroscopic measurements. 

25/06/2024, Latest paper published.

Our latest biomaterials analysis paper has just been published. This was part of Camila Van Zanten's PhD thesis research.  

Abstract: Accurate size measurements of nanosized polymer chains in dilute solutions is important for understanding polymer behavior, however, these measurements can be challenging to implement accurately, and are technique dependent. Here we explore the use of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) to determine the size of single polymer chains in dilute solutions (<2 wt%). FCS, a technique with single molecule sensitivity, generally requires the use of covalently labelled polymers which can distort physicochemical behavior. Here, FCS based size measurements were based on the non-covalent interaction of fluorophores (Alexa 405, Atto 390, and Atto 425) with PNIPAm in water at 25 °C (below the Lower Critical Solution Temperature).

FCS estimated size (hydrodynamic radius) of three different MW PNIPAm samples in water were: 5.0 ± 1.0 nm (28.5 kDa), 5.0 ± 1.0 nm (38 kDa), 3.3 ± 0.5 nm (55.5 kDa), in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations. Accuracy was directly related to the fraction of PNIPAm-bound fluorophore, which were, for 1 wt% PNIPAm solutions in water: ∼11.5 % (Atto 390), ∼8.1 % (Atto 425), and 4 % (Alexa 405). This method has several advantages in that it does not require a covalent labelling of PNIPAm, it can be implemented on very small sample volumes, and allows for in-situ measurements.

27/05/2024: Downstream Protein Analysis - Polarized Emission Spectroscopy (DPA-PES).

I'm glad to announce our latest project in the bioanalytical science domain.  The DPA-PES project aims to develop a range of novel measurement methodologies based on polarised Excitation Emission Matrix (pEEM) spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of therapeutically relevant biological molecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).  
Making protein-based treatments like mAbs, vaccines, and insulin, safely and in large volumes poses many challenges one of which is accurately measuring protein size, purity, and stability during manufacturing.  Proteins are inherently sensitive and are easily damaged, reducing their therapeutic effectiveness and the biggest issues are when protein shape or size changes inadvertently.  
pEEM provides a convenient, fast, minimally invasive measurement method that can be integrated into manufacturing processes to facilitate better monitoring, which then allows for better process control, leading to higher yields and better quality products.  Ultimately this reduces waste and also helps reduce the cost of these therapeutic products. 
We are collaborating with Horiba scientific in the US on this project to help make EEM based measurements a viable analytical option for biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

The project is funded by Science Foundation Ireland , under grant 22/FFP-A/10271, and will run for 5 years from January 2024.

22/03/2024: Online PhD viva presentation by Shane Grant.

Title:  Elemental Screening of Cell Culture Media using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.

Time: 2:00 pm am (Irish Time), 22/03/2024.

Shane will be presenting his PhD research online via an Microsoft Teams Live Event.
This is a public event and can be accessed by clicking on this link. 

Abstract:  Biopharmaceutical manufacturing often faces process variability due to varying raw materials between production batches. This variability can affect the quality and yield of biologics, despite efforts to use chemically defined media (CDM). CDM contains many components (n>30) and small concentration differences in some components (particularly metals) can unpredictably affect production outcomes, such as low yields or product rejection. To identify lot-to-lot CDM variability, a screening method suitable for complex media is required. Inorganic salts, the largest component in media, serve critical roles in many cellular functions. Conventional techniques such as ICP-OES and ICP-MS, are however, costly, require experienced operators, and are not generally implemented.
We propose microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) for cost-effective elemental screening. A method was developed for measuring high (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) and low abundance (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr) elements in CDM using a simple dilution-based approach and analyte-specific optimization via dilution-level control and internal standardization. Significant lot-to-lot variations of both high and low abundance elements was identified. The proposed method can be automated for industrial use, with analysis times of <15 minutes possible for quantification of 10 elements.
MP-AES has potential as a cost-effective technique for early detection of process variability in routine screening of CDM, saving time and expenses in bioprocessing. Identification of lot-to-lot variability in CDM prior to use can allow media users to proactively address the issue, thus improving process consistency and productivity. 

14/02/2024, PhD studentships available.

Applications are invited for two, funded PhD research positions commencing between April and September 2024. 

The posts are part of a larger comprehensive project that involves investigating and developing the use of novel 4 and 5-dimensional fluorescence measurement methods for the quantitative analysis of macromolecules in complex environments, particularly for Downstream Processing (DSP).  The research straddles both fundamental and applied research domains and builds on our recent investigations which showed that polarized Excitation Emission Matrix (pEEM) measurements which is combination of scatter and polarized emission, provides a unique methodology for monitoring simultaneously both physical and chemical changes in therapeutic proteins.
The project is funded by Science Foundation Ireland , under grant 22/FFP-A/10271

More details can be found on: www.universityofgalway.ie/nanoscale/vacancies/ 

07/09/2023, Latest paper accepted.

Our latest media analysis paper has just been accepted, this was part of some research that was done in conjunction with GSK (USA). The pre-print is now available online: 
Size Exclusion Chromatography for Screening Yeastolate used in cell culture media.  M. Kyne, A.-L. de Faria e Silva, B. Vickroy, and A.G. Ryder.  Journal of Biotechnology, (2023). 
Available online,  09/09/23.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.09.001

Abstract: Yeastolate is often used as a media supplement in industrial mammalian cell culture or as a major media component for microbial fermentations. Yeastolate variability can significantly affect process performance, but analysis is technically challenging because of compositional complexity. However, what may be adequate for manufacturing purposes is a fast, inexpensive screening method to identify molecular variance and provide sufficient information for quality control purposes, without characterizing all the molecular components. Here we used Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and chemometrics as a relatively fast screening method for identifying lot-to-lot variance (with Principal Component Analysis, PCA) and investigated if Partial Least Squares, PLS, predictive models which correlated SEC data with process titer could be obtained. SEC provided a relatively fast measure of gross molecular size hydrolysate variability with minimal sample preparation and relatively simple data analysis. The sample set comprised of 18 samples from 12 unique source lots of an ultra-filtered yeastolate (10 kDa molecular weight cut-off) used in a mammalian cell culture process. SEC showed significant lot-to-lot variation, at 214 and 280 nm detection, with the most significant variation, that correlated with process performance, occurring at a retention time of ~6 minutes. PCA and PLS regression correlation models provided fast identification of yeastolate variance and its process impact. The primary drawback is the limited column lifetime (<300 injections) caused by the complex nature of yeastolate and the presence of zinc. This limited long term reproducibility because these age-related, non-linear changes in chromatogram peak positions and shapes were very significant.

07/09/2022, Latest paper accepted & published online.

Our latest pEEM paper has just been accepted by Biotechnology and Bioengineering.  Analyzing protein conjugation reactions for Antibody-Drug Conjugate synthesis using polarized Excitation Emission Matrix spectroscopy.  A.-L. de Faria e Silva and A.G. Ryder. DOI: 10.1002/bit.28229.

Abstract:  Antibody-drug Conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer therapeutics, which offer important advantages compared to more classical therapies. There are a variety of ADC Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) such as the protein structure, aggregation, and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), which all impact on potency, stability, and toxicity. Production processes can destabilize antibodies via a variety of physical and chemical stresses, and via increased aggregation after conjugation of hydrophobic drugs. Thus, a proper control strategy for handling, production, and storage is necessary to maintain CQA levels, which requires the use of in-process quality measurements to first identify, then understand, and control the variables which adversely affect ADC CQAs during manufacturing.

Here we show how polarized Excitation Emission Matrix (pEEM), a sensitive, non-destructive, and potentially fast technique, could be used for rapidly assessing aggregation and DAR in a single measurement. pEEM provides several sources of information for protein analysis: Rayleigh scatter for identifying aggregate/particle formation and fluorescence emission to assess chemical and structural changes induced by attachment of a linker and/or a small molecule drug payload. Here we used a non-toxic ADC mimic (monoclonal antibody with linker molecule) to demonstrate efficacy of the measurement method. Emission changes caused via light absorption by the attached linker, allowed us to predict DAR with good accuracy using fluorescence signal from the final purified products (6% relative error of prediction (REP)) and also from unpurified alkylation intermediates (11% REP). pEEM changes could also be correlated with size (hydrodynamic radius, Rh) and aggregate content parameters obtained from Dynamic Light Scattering and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). For the starting material and purified product samples, pEEM correlated better with Rh (R2 =0.99, 6% REP) than SEC determined aggregate content (18% REP). Combining both fluorescence and light scatter signals also enabled in-process size quantification (6% REP). Overall, combining polarized measurements with EEM and Rayleigh scatter provides a single measurement, multi-attribute test method for ADC manufacturing.

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22/10/2020: Online PhD viva presentation by Bernard O. Boateng.

Title:  Bioprocess Monitoring using Polarised Multidimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Time: 9:00 am (Irish Time), 25/05/2022.

Bernard will be presenting his PhD research online via an Microsoft Teams Live Event. This is a public event and can be accessed by clicking on this link. 

Abstract:  Bioprocess monitoring is essential for biopharmaceutical manufacturing as it helps to ensure the required quality of the therapeutic proteins and maximise the productivity of the bioprocess as per Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles. The monitoring of critical process parameters (CPPs) such as viable cell density and protein quantification is complicated by the complex chemical composition of the bioreactor broth. This thesis presentation covers the systematic development and application of polarised multidimensional fluorescence (pMDF) spectroscopy as an analytical technique for bioprocess monitoring. 

Published work: Development of a rapid Polarized Total Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pTSFS) method for protein quantification in a model bioreactor broth.  B.O. Boateng, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G. Ryder, Biotechnology and Bioengineering,  118(5), 1805-1817, (2021). [Open access] DOI: 10.1002/bit.27694

Dark days for Ukraine and Europe, shades of 1939.

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Appeasing corrupt regimes always leads to death & destruction. Putin is a dictator in all but name and has ill served the Russian people over the past 20 years. His goal will be to first subjugate Ukraine and it will not stop there. Those who do not learn from history are condemned to repeat the mistakes of the past...appeasement did not, and does not work.

29/12/2021: Latest paper.

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Our latest ARMES paper has just been accepted by  Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces and is available online now. The final open access version is now available (7/1/2021).. 

Evaluating the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes in different aqueous environments using Anisotropy Resolved Multi-Dimensional Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES).  F. Gordon, Y. Casamayou-Boucau, A.G. Ryder.* Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 211, 112310, (2022).   DOI:  10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112310

06/07/2021: Another prize winning NBL PhD student!! Two in a week.

Congratulations to  Fiona Gordon a fourth year PhD student in the group who was awarded  joint first prize in the annual BOC postgraduate prize....the third group joint first prize in four years.

Her PhD research is focused on investigating how to use  Anisotropy Resolved Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES & pEEM)’’ for the analysis of FRET in labeled proteins and also for studying protein-liposome interactions. 
She has already published one first author paper on this work (with a second to be submitted this summer)  and these can be found on our publications page.  

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR)

01/07/2021: Another prize winning NBL PhD student.

Congratulations to Bernard Boating, a fourth year PhD student in the group who won first prize in the annual Eli Lilly Postgraduate Prize.

His research talk was entitled:  ‘‘Bioprocess Monitoring using polarised Total Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pTSFS) ’’.

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR).

15/06/2021: Newly minted PhDs.

Marina Steiner-Browne, Ana Luiza de Farie e Silva, and Camila van Zanten were all conferred with their PhD awards virtually on Tuesday afternoon.  Congrats to everyone, must be a first with three Brazilian PhD students, all of who worked on various aspects of protein analysis using fluorescence spectroscopy.

Marina and Ana gowned up for the occasion.

14/05/2021: Online Technology webinar on 21/05/2021.

I am happy to announce we are holding the first of the PAT4Nano technology webinars next Friday online (1-3 pm UTC, 21/05/2021) as a Teams Live Event.
The webinar will focus on Spatially Resolved Dynamic Light Scattering (SR-DLS), a nanoparticle size analysis technology being commercialized by InProcess-LSP. This is one of the online PAT tools being developed by the PAT4Nano consortium for use in manufacturing.  The event will comprise a mix of presentations, video demonstrations from the lab, and a live Q&A session.

The PAT4Nano project is co-funded by the European Commission in the H2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement 862413.

Link: https://lnkd.in/e_WEuxs

See: www.pat4nano.com for more details and updates.

22/04/2021: PAT4Nano website

I am happy to announce that the PAT4Nano website (https://pat4nano.com) has just gone live. Here you can read all about the tools we are developing for online/real-time nanoparticle characterization in suspensions.‌‌

28/01/2021: Latest paper.

I'm pleased to announce that our latest paper has just been accepted in Biotechnology & Bioengineering.  Congrats to Bernard on his first thesis paper.

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Development of a rapid Polarized Total Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pTSFS) method for protein quantification in a model bioreactor broth.  B.O. Boateng, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G Ryder, Biotechnology and Bioengineering,  Online, accepted version, 27/01/(2021).  DOI: 10.1002/bit.27694

24/11/2020: PAT4Nano webinar:  Realtime Nanoparticle Measurements, an introduction to PAT4Nano: solving industrial needs using innovative solutions.

The P‌AT4Nano consortium is pleased to host this introductory webinar about online nanoparticle measurements and multi-PAT solutions for nanomaterial production.  The aim of this web conference is to bring together scientists, researchers, engineers, and industry to share their experience, gain and evaluate emerging technologies in nanosuspension and nanoparticle analysis.

Time: Tuesday 24th of November 2020, from 3PM (UTC).
Join:  MS Teams Live Event.
Agenda: Download the pdf here PAT4Nano Webinar 24/11/2020‌

24/10/2020: Latest paper.

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Our latest pEEM paper has just been accepted by Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, and is available online now. This is an open access paper.

Modelling Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) using Anisotropy Resolved Multi-Dimensional Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES).  F. Gordon, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G. Ryder.  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 1865(2), 129770 (2021):  DOI:  10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129770

22/10/2020: Online PhD viva presentation by Ana Luiza de Faria e Silva.

The study of protein chemical modification using polarized Excitation Emission Matrix (pEEM).

Time:  9:00 am (Irish Time), 22/10/2020.
Ana will be presenting her PhD research online via an Microsoft Teams Live Event.  This is a public event and can be accessed by clicking on this link.

Abstract: The increased use of therapeutic proteins is driving the development of better Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools for assessing biophysical changes during manufacturing and formulation processes. This is particularly true for proteins undergoing chemical modification for the production of new entities such as Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), PEGylated proteins or radioimmunoconjugates. The measurement of structural quality in solution can be challenging and time consuming, but intrinsic protein fluorescence (IPF) because of its high sensitivity, ease of use, and when implemented in via multi-dimensional techniques like polarized Excitation Emission (pEEM) spectroscopy, its high information content, might offer a solution.     ​
pEEM can provide in one set of measurements different sources of information for protein conjugation analysis: Rayleigh scatter with which to probe aggregate/particle formation, both transient and permanent;  intrinsic fluorescence emission and aniso-EEM maps to identify chemical and structural variations in the parent protein.  Using relatively simple chemometric tools (like Principal Components Analysis and Partial least square) we show that it offers a reproducible and fast alternative to simultaneously measure protein concentration, asses structural variance, and particle/aggregate content. Furthermore, it can be used for characterising PEGylation product profiles, assessing conjugation degree and product variance, as well as probing physical and structural changes during conjugation.

08/09/2020: Latest paper.

‌Our latest pEEM paper has just been accepted by Analytica Chimica Acta, and is now available here: DOI:  10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.007.

Quantitative analysis of weakly-bound insulin oligomers in solution using polarized multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. Y. Casamayou-Boucau and A.G. Ryder.  Analytica Chimica Acta, 1138, 18-29, (2020).  DOI:  10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.007.  This is an open access paper.

13/07/2020: Latest paper.

Our latest paper has just been accepted by Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and the accepted article is available on the website: DOI: 10.1002/bit.27483

Characterization of lysozyme PEGylation products using polarized excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy. A.-L. de Faria e Silva, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G. Ryder.  Biotechnology and Bioengineering, in press,  (2020).  DOI: 10.1002/bit.27483 

05/06/2020 BOC award to Marina Steiner-Browne.

Congratulations to Marina Steiner-Browne, a fourth year PhD student in the group who was awarded  joint first prize in the annual BOC postgraduate prize....the second group joint first prize in three years.

Her PhD research is focused on the analysis of IgG  type proteins using  Anisotropy Resolved Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES & pEEM)’’ and involves  the extensive use of fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.  She has already published two first author papers on this work and these can be found on our publications page.  

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR)

27-28 May 2020:  PAT4Nano Virtual Kick Off Meeting.

The kick off meeting for the new PAT4Nano project has successfully concluded after two days of online meetings hosted by the NBL.  The project officially began on the first of May 2020 and is coordinated Professor Alan G. Ryder, and consists of five industrial partners from Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK, with three research partners from Ireland, the Netherlands, and Germany: Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium), Agfa-Gaevert (Belgium), Johnson Matthey (UK), Malvern PanAnalytical (UK), TNO (Netherlands), Fraunhofer (Germany), and the University of Limerick.

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Nov. 2019:  DLS system installed.

Our new Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) system was installed this month.  We acquired a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Pananalytical) to support activities related to the analysis of proteins, specialty nanomaterials and small molecule APIs.

23/10/2019: Latest paper.

Our latest paper has just been published in Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 

Using Polarized Total Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pTSFS) with PARAFAC analysis for Characterizing Intrinsic Protein Emission. M. Steiner-Browne, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G. Ryder.  Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 194, 103871, (2019). DOI:  10.1016/j.chemolab.2019.103871      The paper can be downloaded free of charge from here until 12/1219.

11/June/2019

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Congratulations to Dr. Yannick Casamayou-Boucau and Dr. Przemyslaw Zarski, both of whom were conferred with their PhD degrees today at NUI Galway. 

16/April/2019

Congratulations to Dr. Yannick Casamayou Boucau (2nd from the right)  who won one of the poster prizes at the BioITG Research Showcase meeting held in  the Crowne Plaza Hotel, Blanchardstown, Dublin, on April 16^th 2019.  His poster described work he did for his PhD undertaken in Galway on developing an analytical methods for identifying soluble oligomers of insulin.  This research was funded by the Irish Research Council via a  Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship.
Yannick is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory (NBL) working on an industry funded analytical research project.

 More details about BioPharmaChem can be found at www.pharmachemskillnet.ie/

06/Mar./2019

Congratulations to Ana-Luiza da Faria e Silva (3rd from left), a third year PhD student in the group who won second prize in the student poster competition at the annual IFPAC conference in North Bethesda, Maryland, USA (Mar. 3-6).  Her poster was entitled: Assessing IgG quality using polarized Excitation Emission Matrix (pEEM) spectroscopy. 

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR). 

21/Feb./2019

‌Congratulations to Marina Steiner-Browne, a third year PhD student in the group who won second prize in the annual Eli Lilly Postgraduate Prize.

Her research talk was entitled:  ‘‘Monitoring rabbit IgG structure by Anisotropy Resolved Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES)’’.

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR). 

28/Nov./2018

Congratulations to Przemyslaw Zarski who passed his viva voce examination on Wednesday.   His thesis was entitled:  Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) for studying Protein-surface interactions.   He is now working at Abbott in Longford.

04/Sept./2018:

We have recently had two papers accepted and published in Langmuir and Methods and Applications of Fluorescence:
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1. Super Stable Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Isomer I Monolayer for Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy.   P. Zarski and A.G. Ryder.*  Langmuir, 34(37), 10913-10923, (2018).  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02509 
2. An Excitation Emission Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometer (EEFLS) system using a frequency doubled supercontinuum laser source.  D. Melnikau, S. Elcoroaristizabal, and A.G. Ryder.  Methods and Applications in Fluorescence, 6(4), 045007, (2018).  DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aad9ae.

11/April/2018:

Congratulations to Yannick Casamayou-Boucau again, who won joint first prize in the annual BOC postgraduate prize.

Yannick's research was funded by an Irish Research Council postgraduate scholarship award (#GOIPG/2015/3826).

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06/March/2018:

Congratulations to Yannick Casamayou-Boucau (third from the left in picture), a third year PhD student in the group who won second prize in the annual Eli Lilly Postgraduate Prize.

His presentation was focused on the use of Anisotropy Resolved Multi-Dimensional Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES) for measuring Insulin aggregation.  

Yannick's research was funded by an Irish Research Council postgraduate scholarship award (#GOIPG/2015/3826). 

Feburary 2018: 

Congratulations to Marina Steiner-Browne, a second year PhD student who won the best poster prize at the BioPharma Ambition conference in Dublin castle.

Her poster was entitled: Assessing Freeze-Thaw (FT) Effects in IgG using Anisotropy Resolved Multi-Dimensional Emission Spectroscopy (ARMES).  Marina Steiner-Browne*, Saioa Elcoroaristizabal, Yannick Casamayou-Boucau, and Alan G. Ryder.

This research was supported  by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant number (14/IA/2282, Advanced Analytics for Biological Therapeutic Manufacture, to AGR).  

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